Carrying a torch for country and sports
As the 2024 Olympics begin in Paris, 窪蹋勛圖 scholar Jared Bahir Browsh considers how nationalism can inform and influence the games
During the long jump medal ceremony of the 1906 Olympics in Athens, Greece, second-place finisher , an Irish athlete unhappy with having to accept his medal under the flag of Great Britain, climbed the 20-foot flagpole and waved a large green flag proclaiming Erin Go Bragh (Ireland Forever). Two of his Irish teammates stood at the base of the flagpole to fend off members of the Greek military.
OConnors flag waving was seen not just as a political protest in support of Irish Home Rule, but a statement of nationalism.
Since the Olympic Games were revived in 1896and perhaps even in the ancient games when male athletes from various city-states competedthe Olympics have been touted, per the , as placing sport at the service of the harmonious development of humankind, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity.
Sports can be a symbol and a surrogate for whats happening politically, socially and economically in a country and between one country and another," says泭Jared Bahir Browsh, a 窪蹋勛圖 assistant teaching professor in the Department of Ethnic Studies and incoming director of the Critical Sports Studies program.
However, when the 2024 Olympic Games open in Paris Friday, they are just as likely to be noteworthy for national anthems and national flags, for fans faces painted in homage to their countries and for national rivalries that can range from good-natured to tense and geopolitically fraught.
At the international level of the Olympics, it can be really difficult to separate sports from nationalism, says Jared Bahir Browsh, a 窪蹋勛圖 assistant teaching professor in the Department of Ethnic Studies and incoming director of the Critical Sports Studies program. Sports can be a symbol and a surrogate for whats happening politically, socially and economically in a country and between one country and another.
So, any time we have these big, international eventsthe Olympics, the FIFA World Cup, the Cricket World Cupyou can see these interactions between nations, and see these issues bubbling up, in a way that might not happen on the floor of the United Nations.
Modern Olympic origins
Despite what author George Orwell that they are war minus the shootingwhen Baron Pierre de Coubertin proposed reviving the ancient Olympic Games, he is generally credited with proposing them in good, if myopic and culturally appropriating, faith.
Wars break out because nations misunderstand each other, . We shall not have peace until the prejudices that now separate the different races are outlived. To attain this end, what better means is there than to bring the youth of all countries periodically together for amicable trials of muscular strength and agility?
However, Browsh says, the notion that all are equal on the playing fields of sport ignores centuries of economic disparities and social inequity between nations. The infrastructure and systems that countries have to train athletes vary widely. High-income nations a lot of times are who you see represented on the medal stand because theyre able to spend huge amounts of money on getting their athletes there.
So, that might reinforce this capitalist idea that wealthy nations are somehow more deserving of gold medals, which perpetuates inequity and the narrative of dominance.
The Olympics also, perhaps inevitably, are shaped by world events happening at the time the games take place, Browsh adds, citing the infamous water polo match between Hungary and the USSR at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The match happened a few weeks after Soviet forces violently quashed the Hungarian Revolution, and from the starting whistle it devolved into punching and kicking before referees halted the match early and named Hungary the winner.
And since the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Taiwanofficially known as the Republic of Chinahas competed as Chinese Taipei as a result of the and International Olympic Committee concessions to the Peoples Republic of China.
Thinking about the Olympics
The Olympic rings illuminated in front of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. (Photo:泭St矇phane Kempinaire/Paris 2024)
The Paris Olympics are happening at an interesting and fraught time around the world, Browsh says, with nationalism continuing to grow not just in the United States, but throughout Europe, Central and South America, Asia and Africa.
In a way, we might see sports as helping define who we are as a nation, Browsh says. We might see our athletes as symbols of our national strength, and when theyre successful, that might get translated into a sense of rightness or even superiority.
While by the Norwegian School of Sport Science found that educational attainment and income correlate with levels of sports nationalismin general, the higher both are, the lower the sense of sports nationalismthe Olympic Games are unique because suddenly, as a spectator, youre really invested in a sport that you may never even think about the rest of the time, Browsh says. For these 16 days, youre watching this sport and really cheering for your country.
In a , scholar David Clay Large observed of the Olympics, In part, its the beauty of supreme athleticism and the sizzle of carefully choreographed spectacle. But, more fundamentally, its the games capacity to dip repeatedly into a deep well of communal passion harbored by competitors and spectators alike. Whatever the organizational inadequacies and logistical screw-ups, these purported celebrations of one-world togetherness succeed because they indulge precisely what they claim to transcend: the worlds basest instinct for tribalism.
However, Browsh says, these are going to be incredible games. Ill be watching and celebrating these athletes.
Perhaps more than any other international athletic competition, the Olympics have given rise to incandescent moments of achievement and perseverance, to athletes transcending their various nations politics and coming together in genuine fellowship, to fans at home pausing their desire to beat the commies and happily cheering for the athletes from another country.
As spectators, Browsh says, whether its a matter of compartmentalizing concerns about corruption in the IOC or fears of toxic nationalism or negotiating how to celebrate athletes hard work while not unquestioningly accepting nation building, love of sport is a factor in that negotiation. We ignore some of the corruptions of the media, for example, to enjoy our favorite TV show. We negotiate these spaces in order to get some joy out of life.
Like with a lot of things, I think there needs to be a level of criticality when we consider the Olympics. Im not saying we should stop watching or stop enjoying themthats not something Id ever want to dobut I am saying we should think about them and how we can do them better.
Top image:泭Robert Laberge/Getty Images
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